![]() ![]() Nevertheless, with an ever growing list of new publications, the feasibility of whole organ decellularization is indisputable. Because variation in decellularization methods obscures data comparisons, determining an optimal decellularization method is somewhat enigmatic. A plethora of decellularization methods exist for different applications. Decellularization for Generation of Organ Scaffolds Decellularized Organ Matrices: What’s Left Behind? Defining decellularizationĭecellularization employs detergents, salts, enzymes, and/or physical means to remove cells from tissues or organs while preserving the ECM composition, architecture, bioactivity, and mechanics. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent progress and emerging challenges in whole organ engineering. Despite remarkable progress, significant challenges still exist, namely scaling up techniques to human-sized organs, finding clinically relevant cell types for recellularization, and completely rebuilding the vasculature and parenchyma of organ scaffolds for long-term function post-transplantation. Prior to this development, creation of a full-scale scaffold with the intricate architecture and composition needed to engineer functional organs was very challenging.ĭecellularized scaffolds have been seeded with various cell types, which has resulted in reports of tissue-specific functionality in vitro as well as in vivo after short-term transplantation into animal models ( Ott et al., 2008, 2010 Petersen et al., 2010 Uygun et al., 2010 Bao et al., 2011 Song et al., 2013 Jiang et al., 2014 Kadota et al., 2014 Robertson et al., 2014). In the subsequent years, intact lungs, livers, kidneys, and pancreas from rodents, pigs, primates, and humans have been decellularized using similar approaches ( Ross et al., 2009 Ott et al., 2010 Petersen et al., 2010 Price et al., 2010 Shupe et al., 2010 Uygun et al., 2010 Baptista et al., 2011 Barakat et al., 2012 Bonvillain et al., 2012 Orlando et al., 2012, 2013 Sullivan et al., 2012 Goh et al., 2013 Mirmalek-Sani et al., 2013a Song et al., 2013). Nearly two decades later, decellularization was successfully adapted for the generation of a whole-heart scaffold ( Ott et al., 2008). Decellularization of “simple” tissues and small organ biopsies was initially reported in the late 80s ( Lwebuga-Mukasa et al., 1986). Thus, the recent surge of research in whole organ engineering can also be attributed to the implementation of a technique known as decellularization to whole organs.ĭecellularization removes cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue to produce a three-dimensional organ scaffold ( Gilbert et al., 2006 Badylak et al., 2009, 2011 Crapo et al., 2011). However, the engineering of whole organs has been impeded by the lack of an adequate scaffold. Are protein scaffold organs a viable transplant optino skin#Since the first reports of skin tissue engineering over 30 years ago, tremendous progress has been made in engineering tissues such as skin, cartilage, or bladder ( Hall et al., 1966 Spira et al., 1969 Burke et al., 1981 O’Connor et al., 1981). In an effort to address this need, research focused on whole organ tissue engineering has flourished over the last 5 years. The cell types, delivery methods, and bioreactors employed for recellularization are discussed along with commercial and clinical considerations, such as immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and Food and Drug Administartion regulation.Īn effective alternative to traditional organ transplantation is needed in order to increase the number of organs available for transplantation, decrease patient wait-list times, and improve long-term outcomes. Herein, an overview of whole organ decellularization and a thorough review of the current literature for whole organ recellularization are presented. Biomedical researchers now face the challenge of adequately and efficiently recellularizing these organ scaffolds. With the advent of whole organ decellularization, extracellular matrix scaffolds suitable for organ engineering were generated from numerous tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, for use as alternatives to traditional organ transplantation. 3Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.2Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.1Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. ![]()
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